Taiwan Travel Guide - Overview

Taiwan is one of the most unsung tourist destinations in all of Asia, its modern emergence as an economic and industrial powerhouse still overshadowing the staggering breadth of natural, historic and culinary attractions this captivating island has to offer.

A fascinating mix of technological innovation and traditional Chinese and aboriginal cultures and cuisines, Taiwan is one of the only places on earth where ancient religious and cultural practices still thrive in an overwhelmingly modernist landscape.

On any given day, the casual visitor can experience this unique juxtaposition of old and new, witnessing time-honoured cultural practices while still taking in technological milestones such as the world's tallest building, Taipei 101, and the new High Speed Rail that links the island's two largest cities.

Beyond the narrow corridor of factories and crowded cities along Taiwan's west coast is a tropical island of astounding beauty, with by far the tallest mountains in northeast Asia and some of the region's most pristine and secluded coastline. Add to this the impressive array of cuisines - with specialities from all corners of China as well as authentic aboriginal and Japanese fare - and you've got one of the world's most well-rounded and hospitable holiday destinations.

Korea (Republic Of) Travel Guide - Overview

TV scenes of thousands of red-wearing fans going crazy over their national team during the 2002 FIFA World Cup is an image which has helped convince a global audience that South Korea is in fact, a fun place to go, a place with dazzling cities, friendly people and beautiful, mystical countryside.

Until relatively recently, Korea was an insular place, existing under dynastic rule for centuries. However, the 35-year Japanese occupation from 1910, the split of the peninsula after WWII and the subsequent Korean War shattered all that. Difficult times have however made the Koreans a resilient lot, succeeding economically whilst still holding onto their unique traditions and fascinating culture.

Korea is littered with fortresses, temples and palaces, many of them UNESCO World Heritage sites. In addition, the peninsula it shares with the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea's official name) is one of the most mountainous regions in the world, and Korea also has a significant beach-dotted coastline.

The capital Seoul winds around the Han River, punctuated by futuristic skyscrapers in one of the most densely populated areas in the world. The city is an increasingly useful Asia-Pacific stopover point, or a hub for a three-centre Korea-China-Japan cultural trip.

Korea (Democratic Peoples Republic Of) Travel Guide - Overview

The Democratic People's Republic of Korea shares borders with China, the Sea of Japan, the Yellow Sea and the demilitarised zone (separating it from the Republic of Korea).

North Korea's capital, Pyongyang, was completely rebuilt after the Korean War as a city of wide avenues, neatly designed parks and enormous marble public buildings. The Palace of Culture, the Grand Theatre, the Juche Tower and the Ongrui Restaurant epitomise the Korean variant of Communist architecture. The Gates of Pyongyang and the Arch of Triumph (built in honour of Kim Il-Sung's 70th birthday) are particularly impressive.

Many ancient buildings in Kaesong (six hours from the capital by train) bear witness to Korea's 500-year-old imperial history. The town is surrounded by beautiful pine-clad hills.

Kumgangsan is the country's largest national park, consisting of a range of mountains (known as 'the Diamond Mountains') along the east coast of the country.

Note that only travel companies officially recognised by the North Korean Authorities are permitted to bring groups of tourists to Korea (Dem Rep). Independent tourism is not permitted, and foreigners must be accompanied by a guide at all times.

Japan Travel Guide - Overview

The contrasts of Japan are startling - Tokyo dazzles with bright lights and high-tech gadgetry while the cherry blossoms in Kyoto's Maruyama Park are symbols of peace and beauty, as they have been for over 1,000 years.

Since 1950, Japan has seen exceptional economic growth, becoming one of the world's most powerful economies. Bustling cities burst with skyscrapers, bullet trains and trendy nightlife. The brief economic dip in the 1990s is starting to recede into the distance, as rampant consumerism again picks up pace.

Yet beneath the brash modernity beats an ancient heart. This is still the realm of the exquisite art of the geisha and the skill of the sumo wrestler; where ancient festivals are celebrated and food is elevated to an art form. And Japan is still a land of great natural beauty, from the snow festivals and lavender farms of the northern isle of Hokkaido to the sun-drenched beaches of the subtropical south. Whether you choose to climb Mount Fuji or relax at volcanic hot spring resorts, Japan is unforgettable.

Macau Travel Guide - Overview

Macau's historic centre was added to the UNESCO World Cultural Heritage Site list in 2005, underlining its strategic and cultural importance over centuries. The mixture of colonial Portuguese architecture sits beautifully alongside its East-Asian flair.

Parts of Macau offer serenely traditional countryside, ancestral Chinese villages and pine-forested hills. Much of 'old' Macau is preserved on its islands, including fishing boat building yards, colonial mansions, Chinese temples and floating fisherfolk communities. Yet Macau also entices visitors with its glitzy casinos and motor races, making for a fascinatingly unique destination.

Macau was founded in 1557 during the great era of Portuguese overseas exploration. It became the major port between the Far East and Europe and, in 1670, was confirmed as a Portuguese possession by the Chinese. Macau went into decline as a regional trading centre from the early 19th century, when the British occupied Hong Kong.

In 1999, Macau, like Hong Kong, became a 'Special Administrative Region' within China, operating under a ‘one country, two systems' policy, maintaining its own political, social and economic systems.

Hong Kong Travel Guide - Overview

Visually stunning Hong Kong offers a warp-speed ‘shop till you drop' lifestyle combined with enclaves of tradition. It is a popular tourist destination and one of the world's major business centres. Hong Kong's 260 outlying islands, few of which are inhabited, provide a tranquil alternative to its frenetic energy elsewhere. Hong Kong Island is an eclectic mix of modern skyscrapers, colonial buildings and traditional temples.

On 1 July 1997, Hong Kong became a Special Administrative Region of China in an arrangement lasting 50 years. Under the ‘one country, two systems' policy, Hong Kong maintains its own political, social and economic systems. English remains an official language and Hong Kong's border with China still exists.

Hong Kong was part of China before coming under British administration as a result of the 19th-century Opium Wars. When peace terms were drawn up in 1841, Hong Kong Island was ceded to Britain. It remained under British control (apart from a four-year period under Japanese occupation during WWII) until the 1997 handover.

Much has changed since 1841 when then foreign secretary Lord Palmerston described Hong Kong as ‘nothing but a barren island without a house upon it'.

China Travel Guide - Overview

China is the cultural treasure-house of East Asia: its social riches and 5,000 years of tumultuous history place it among the world's greatest travel destinations. The Great Wall, X'ian's Terracotta Army, the Forbidden Palace and Tiananmen Square: the very names reverberate with history and legend.

China's paradoxes are many: Shanghai's skyscrapers contrast with Beijing's historical treasures, while in rural provinces, mechanisation is slow. Its history is one of turmoil in between periods of stability.

The civil war in 1945 defined the China of today. Defeated Nationalists fled to Taiwan, while victorious Communists founded the People's Republic of China. Prior to that, China endured eight years of brutal occupation by the Japanese imperial army from 1937, souring relations between the two countries to this day.

The convulsions of the Cultural Revolution in the 1960s preceded major economic reforms but little political liberalisation prompted widespread protest. In 1989, thousands occupied Beijing's Tiananmen Square, the army clearing the square with great loss of life and the government reasserting political control.

History and politics aside, China is a land of superlatives, encompassing the Yangtze River, the Silk Road, the bamboo forests of the giant panda and misty peaks immortalised in traditional ink paintings. China has 33 UNESCO World Heritage Sites. Chinese food ranks among the world's great cuisines. From acrobatics to martial arts, calligraphy to Chinese opera, the vibrant, distinctive culture of this great land is everywhere to be seen.

Spectacular Tibet (Xihang) has been open to tourists since 1980. Occupied by China since 1950, the Cultural Revolution seriously damaged its cultural identity, yet Tibet's way of life and historically important Buddhism traditions have endured. Now linked by train to the rest of China, Tibet's unique culture faces renewed threats, from hordes of immigrant Han Chinese settlers and tourists.

China is set to become the world's major economic power within 20 years. Growth has come at great environmental cost. However, it has also spurred on China's rapidly improving tourism infrastructure. Beijing is currently undergoing a huge investment programme for the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games.

Flexibility and patience are still required to travel around China but, in return, China rewards visitors with memories to treasure for a lifetime.

Vatican City Travel Guide - Overview

The Vatican City is situated entirely within the city of Rome, sprawling over a hill west of the River Tiber, and separated from the rest of the city by a wall. Vatican City comprises St Peter’s Church, St Peter’s Square, the Vatican and the Vatican Gardens.

The Vatican City is famous for its magnificent St Peter’s Basilica. Near St Peter’s stands the Vatican Palace, the Pope’s residence. Among the principal features of the Palace are the Stanze, the Sistine Chapel and the Vatican Museum, containing major works of art and valuable pictures.

Wales Travel Guide - Overview

Wales is a historic land of castles and mountains, sweeping beaches and strong national identity dating back to pre-Norman times and reinforced in 1999, when Wales was granted its own assembly.

The capital, Cardiff, has seen extensive regeneration, both in the city centre and the nearby Cardiff Bay area, which is now seen as a major entertainment and administrative centre. In the rural north, farming and tourism continue to be the main sources of income.

Populous south Wales incorporates Cardiff, the cities of Swansea and Newport, Carmarthen Bay and two national parks, Pembrokeshire Coast and Brecon Beacons. The Cambrian Mountains and the attractive coastal resorts of Cardigan Bay are highlights of mid Wales, while the north has popular seaside resorts like Llandudno and Rhyl, the island of Anglesey and the scenic delights of Snowdonia National Park.

Scotland Travel Guide - Overview

Scotland is famous primarily for its spectacular scenery, but it also offers a rich historical and cultural heritage, together with a wide range of activities. The populous central belt is the focus of most economic activity, centred primarily on the major cities, Glasgow and the Scottish capital Edinburgh.

Scotland’s landscape is as varied as it is beautiful. Rugged peaks sweep down to breathtaking lochs, glistening in remote glens like Glen Affric near Inverness and Loch Trool in Galloway. A straggling coastline, with white sandy beaches, sheltered bays and rocky cliffs, looks out to the remote islands in the Atlantic. To the south, the rolling hills of the Borders, lush lowland pastures and extensive woodlands present a softer beauty.

Edinburgh is among the outstanding cities of the world, where the medieval Old Town contrasts with the elegant Georgian New Town. Other towns, notably Glasgow, display a wealth of Victorian architecture. Everywhere you can find ancient castles and houses. Prehistoric forts, stone circles and burial mounds can be explored, particularly at the Neolithic Heart of Orkney, Scotland’s latest UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Scotland’s rich musical heritage has feet tapping to bagpipes, fiddles and accordions. The best Celtic music can be heard at either the Girvan Traditional Folk Festival in May or the Newcastleton Festival in July. While the Edinburgh Festival in August is of course an unmissable event on the calendar.

A paradise for outdoor enthusiasts, play golf on the world’s most famous course at St Andrews; go fishing, sailing, diving or join the walkers, cyclists and climbers on the hills, in woodlands and on deserted country lanes.

Finally, at the end of the day, relax with Scotland’s greatest export, a dram of fine malt whisky.

Northern Ireland Travel Guide - Overview

Occupying the northeastern corner of an island brimming with superlatives, Northern Ireland contains many hidden facets of the Emerald Isle. This small province enjoys a diverse terrain with a dramatic coastline, gently rolling fields and the lush Mountains of Mourne. The capital, Belfast, is a vibrant city with ornate Victorian architecture and lively nightlife. Londonderry is one of the finest walled towns in Europe. Both have been too long overshadowed by the ‘Troubles’, but seem at last to be enjoying a more peaceful present.

The Antrim Coast is one of the most scenic shorelines in Britain, winding past towering cliffs, sandy beaches, picturesque harbours and family resorts. You can hike deep into the glacier-carved Glens of Antrim or walk along the amazing volcanic columns of the Giant’s Causeway. Inland lies Lough Neagh, the largest lake in the British Isles, and the Fermanagh lakelands, sprinkled with tiny islands, wooded parks and monastic ruins.

The six counties of Northern Ireland belonged to the ancient and powerful kingdom of Ulster. Tales of legendary heroes intertwine with those of St Patrick, who spread Christianity from his base near Downpatrick. The Ulster American Folk Park near Omagh, Old Bushmill’s whiskey distillery, the Belleek pottery, crumbling castle ruins and the stately mansions of the Anglo-Irish aristocracy offer more history and culture in a friendly, easy-going country that is a delight to explore.

Isle of Man Travel Guide - Overview

Viking and Celtic heritage combine to interesting effect on the charismatic Isle of Man. Numerous attractions reflect the island's rich historic mix, branded by Manx National Heritage as the 'Story of Man', an umbrella name applied to sites ranging from prehistoric tombs to multimedia exhibitions.

Also important are Man’s Victorian narrow-gauge railways: the Steam Railway linking Douglas and Port Erin; the Manx Electric Tramway, running north to Ramsey; and the Snaefell Mountain Railway, which climbs 620m (2,034ft) above sea level from Laxey. A smaller line operates on the cliffs at Groudle Glen.

The island is also famous for hosting the annual TT Races and other motorsport events.

Scenic highlights include 17 picturesque national glens, the south coast bays and Snaefell itself, from which England, Scotland, Ireland and Wales are all visible on a clear day.

England Travel Guide - Overview

England’s eventful history and scenic diversity render it one of the world’s most popular visitor destinations. United as a single nation over 1,000 years ago, its origins go back to the dawn of civilisation, and the variety of interest it offers reflects this.

From prehistoric Stonehenge to 21st-century attractions like the London Eye, its inhabitants have contributed much to the appeal of the UK’s largest constituent country. This is not restricted to a material legacy either – England’s cultural mix is rich, thanks to the many invaders, settlers and immigrants who have arrived on its shores through the millennia. Countless others around the globe share aspects of customs, language and history with the English themselves.

England’s heritage, and therefore its appeal as a destination, is many-faceted and deeply rooted, ranging from the literary genius of Shakespeare to ‘everyday’ pageantry in the changing of the guard at Buckingham Palace.

The variety and contrast in the nation’s countryside is enormous too, and is often a source of surprise to visitors venturing beyond the cities for the first time – as is the vast range of visitor attractions, resorts and sights to see and enjoy. England is a country of patchwork landscapes: from the rugged coastlines and golden beaches of Devon and Cornwall, to the craggy mountains of the Peak District, ancient forests riddled with folklore, to the picturesque Lake District, and from great cities to centuries-old villages.

England is welcoming, friendly, fascinating and fun, where pomp and circumstance balance the often bizarre idiosyncrasies of its people, and a sense of humour is the passport to certain acceptance.

Sark & Herm Travel Guide - Overview

Sark island’s countryside is characterised by its granite cliffs topped with flowered fields known as cotils. Whilst only 5km (3 miles) long, and 2.5km (1.5 miles) wide, it boasts 65km (40 miles) of picturesque coastlines. There are no cars, giving Sark an enchantment that is quite unique.

After WWII, Herm was left derelict and abandoned until the Guernsey authorities bought it from the Crown for an undisclosed fee. Today, Herm is privately leased, and run as a resort island. It relies heavily on visitors coming to the island via Guernsey. Herm Island is a destination for day visitors from other Channel Islands, as well as a favourite with 'locals' from Guernsey, Jersey, Alderney and Sark. It offers unspoilt beaches and a safe, clean, pollution-free environment. There are no cars, no crowds and definitely no stress. Herm is the perfect place to stay for a truly relaxing island holiday, offering peace, comfort, natural beauty and relaxation.

Jersey Travel Guide - Overview

The largest of the Channel Islands, Jersey has been inhabited for many thousands of years, as can be seen from the neolithic tomb at La Hougue Bie. The Normans made the greatest impact on the Channel Islands, annexing them to the Duchy of Normandy during the 10th century. When William of Normandy gained the English crown in 1066, the Channel Islands became part of the Anglo-Norman realm; they were retained after the loss of Normandy in 1204. As a mark of his gratitude for their loyalty, King John granted Jersey its own constitution; this has been ratified by every successive monarch and the connection between the island and the English throne is expressed in the flag, which contains a crest surmounted by the Plantagenet crown.

Like its neighbours, Jersey has at various times been a haven for smugglers and pirates, and is also vulnerable to attack due to its proximity to France, so often Britain’s enemy in the past. The mixture of languages (English, French and Norman-French) reflects the history of the island.

Jersey is highly developed for tourism. Given its size, it boasts a formidable array of modern attractions and special events catering for its huge number of visitors. The island does not neglect its natural and historical assets though; there is plenty of historical interest as well as many beautiful scenic attractions.

Guernsey Travel Guide - Overview

Think all the quiet charm of Jersey with fewer of the trappings of mass tourism, and what you have is the tranquil island of Guernsey. Indeed tranquil in this case really does mean bucolic: wooded valleys, sunsets over the Atlantic Ocean, botanical gardens, secret coves and cliff-top walks are amongst the island gems that will guarantee relaxation. And this is all available with the added bonus that Guernsey is incredibly child-friendly and an ideal family holiday location. Safe beaches with gorgeously blue water await you.

Beyond the beach, Guernsey has wonderful facilities for activities such as cycling and golf. It also has oodles of history. As far back as the 11th century, Guernsey and the other Channel Islands (les Isles Normandes) were part of the Duchy of Normandy. When William, Duke of Normandy, conquered England, they were incorporated into the combined realm of both England and Normandy. King John of England lost mainland Normandy to the French 140 years later but the Channel Islands stayed loyal to England.

Today, Guernsey enjoys a large degree of internal self-government, having developed its own legal and political institutions, and is also responsible for the government of neighbouring Alderney.

History is apparent all around the island. Evidence of Neolithic man is everywhere, in burial chambers and defensive earth works, long excavated and unveiled. Fortifications, testament to Guernsey's many attempts throughout history to repel invasion, can be seen in edifices like Castle Cornet, now housing an excellent museum. Germany briefly occupied the islands during WWII, and left its mark in bulwarks and buttresses.

Guernsey's sea air encourages a hearty appetite, and the island's fertile sea and soil provides the island's cuisine with a host of ingredients, from seafood to locally grown vegetables. Whether you decide to eat in Guernsey's gourmet restaurants or simply at a beach kiosk, you will be very well catered for.

Alderney Travel Guide - Overview

Alderney, the third-largest of the Channel Islands, has pledged allegiance to the English Crown for close on 1,000 years and is frequently described as the most British of the Channel Islands. Yet, Alderney (Aurigny in French) has a distinctly French flavour, which is not surprising as the island’s closest neighbour, France, is only 13km (8 miles) away. A little oasis where time seems to have stopped, Alderney offers the perfect ingredients for a short or long holiday, at any time of the year.

Unlike the other Channel Islands, Alderney has not been affected by mainstream tourism. Travellers will be able to wind down and enjoy Alderney's quality of life, hospitality and gastronomy. There is something for everyone every week of the year. This little island boasts over 30 social, sporting and cultural clubs and associations who, between them, provide a busy diary of events throughout the year. From golf, tennis, fishing, walks across the common and the rugged cliffs, to sandy and quiet beaches and an abundance of flora and fauna (including wild pheasants, black rabbits and blonde hedgehogs), Alderney has a lot to offer.

Channel Islands Travel Guide - Overview

The Channel Islands include Alderney, Guernsey, Jersey and Sark & Herm. There are other, very small islands in the group, but these are not normally open to visitors. See individual entries for more information.

British Overseas Territories Travel Guide - Overview

The scattered islands that make up British Overseas Territories enjoy the same rights as nationals of Gibraltar and the Falkland Islands, with full British citizenship and residence within the UK. All territories are required to adhere to EU standards, particularly regarding financial regulations and human rights.

The territory is under the sovereignty and formal control of the UK but is not an actual part of the UK. Most Overseas Territories are self-governing but rely on the UK in crucial matters of foreign policy etc. Since they are separate jurisdictions, there is no Overseas Territories' representation in the British parliament. The UK exerts its formal control through a governor of each territory, appointed by the British Monarch.

British Crown Dependencies: These include the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands, which are dependencies of the British Crown whilst exercising considerable self-government in domestic affairs. The British Government is solely responsible for defence and international representation. Many British aspects are apparent in the Crown Dependencies, such as the UK telephone numbering plan or a BBC presence, although this is not always the case. Acts of the British parliament rarely – but occasionally – apply to the Crown Dependencies.

Information on the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands has been placed under the United Kingdom section.

The following territories have their own sections in the World Travel Guide: Anguilla, Bermuda, British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Falkland Islands, Gibraltar, Montserrat, Turks & Caicos Islands.

United Kingdom Travel Guide - Overview

Despite its relatively small size, the United Kingdom is one of the most culturally diverse countries on Earth, peopled by four main ‘native' nationalities, plus later arrivals from all over the world. The United Kingdom consists of Great Britain (England, Scotland and Wales), plus Northern Ireland. The Isle of Man and the Channel Islands (principally Jersey and Guernsey) are also parts of the British Isles, but somewhat confusingly not officially part of the UK.

The UK is also a topically diverse country, with such landscapes as the rolling moors of Yorkshire, the lakes and mountains of the Lake District and Scotland, and the ancient forests of Nottinghamshire or the stunning beaches of Wales. All this, as well as genteel villages with chocolate-box cottages or vibrant cities at the forefront of modernity, means the UK has something to offer everyone.

London is the natural starting point for visitors and is a great introduction to this varied country, with famous sights such as the Houses of Parliament and the London Eye and renowned exhibitions in the National Gallery, Natural History Museum and Tower of London.

Not far out from the capital are the university cities of Oxford and Cambridge, with their elegant architecture, and Windsor, home to the Queen's famous castle residence.

The British seaside is at its best in the south coast resorts of Brighton and Bournemouth or the harbour villages in Cornwall, Dorset and Devon. For more beautiful, wilder, windswept beaches, head to the Pembrokeshire coast of Wales or the Scottish islands of Skye, Shetland and Orkney.

Walkers have no end of choice with hundreds of miles of hiking trails in the hilly Peak District, the mountainous Lake District, Wales and Scotland or along the coastal paths of southern England. For more gentle pursuits, pretty villages of the Cotswolds and Suffolk offer endless photo opportunities of thatched cottages or leaning timber-framed houses.

Ukraine Travel Guide - Overview

One of the largest and most varied countries in Europe, Ukraine takes in the spectacular Carpathian Mountains in the west, the history-rich central plains and the stunning Black Sea coast in the south. The Crimean Peninsula, ethnically more Russian than Ukrainian, remains a huge draw for holidaymakers from Russia every summer.

Ukraine's capital, Kyiv, is the origin of the Kyiv Rus state, founded in the eighth and ninth centuries, and the origin of the Russian state. Striking examples of baroque and Renaissance architecture can be found in Lviv, one of Europe's oldest cities, while Odessa is probably best known for the Potemkin Stairway, but is also home to one of the world's largest opera houses.

Historically part of the Russian Empire since the 1650s, and later incorporated into the Soviet Union, Ukraine gained its independence in 1991 following the failed Moscow coup of August that year. The country came to international attention in late 2004 when 10 days of mass protests over electoral fraud led to a re-run of the presidential election and the eventual declaration of Viktor Yushchenko as president. The people's Orange Revolution undoubtedly raised Ukraine's profile abroad and the country is beginning to find its place on the tourist map.

Turkey Travel Guide - Overview

Turkey is the only country in the world to sit astride two continents: a unique position that has given rise to a culture that reflects both East and West. It is a country where European aspirations sit comfortably alongside Asian traditions and the volatile atmosphere of the Middle East morphs seamlessly into the relaxed outlook of the Mediterranean world.

Turks have only lived here since medieval times when they arrived as land-hungry nomads from Central Asia. Before that it was Byzantine territory and Istanbul - then Constantinople - was the political centre of a vast Christian empire. Romans, Persians, Lycians and Phrygians were former occupants of the same territory, and earlier still, Hittite tribes had built an Anatolian empire before collapsing around the time of the Trojan Wars.

Such a rich history has left an indelible mark and Turkey abounds with historic sites and archaeological wonders set in a varied and beautiful landscape. The Mediterranean coastline is punctuated with well-preserved Greco-Roman cities such as Pergamom and Ephesus, while the austere and rugged Anatolian plateau has cave churches hidden away in the improbable fairytale landscape of Cappadocia. Istanbul, still very much the pulse of the nation, has even more to offer, with Roman aqueducts, Byzantine churches and Ottoman mosques and palaces.

With history at every turn, it is tempting to portray Turkey as a quaint, time-locked country that adheres to tradition but this is far from the truth. The modern republic's first leader, Kemal Atatürk, saw to it that Turkey was reinvented as a modern secular state following the demise of the Ottoman Empire. What you see today, thanks to Atatürk's comprehensive modernisation, is a healthy combination of ancient tradition and contemporary outlook. This outlook sees little contradiction in having modern European ways tempered by Islam and time-honoured traditions of hospitality.

Switzerland Travel Guide - Overview

Small, mountainous and wealthy, with a population of just 7.5 million, Switzerland is renowned for its enviable quality of life in a country that ticks along like clockwork. Its products are sought after the world over, from its delicious cheese and chocolate to luxurious watches whose timekeeping is as sharp as a Swiss Army Knife, another popular export from this sophisticated Alpine nation.

Switzerland's famed political neutrality, financial power and isolated location, ring-fenced by breathtaking mountains, have enabled it to play a safe but central role in European affairs. The conveniently central location in the middle of Europe has also made Switzerland a favourite meeting place for conventions and international conferences - Geneva, for instance, is home to the United Nations.

Switzerland is not only a place for professionals, though. As a stylish tourist destination it offers such top ski resorts as Zermatt, Verbier and celebrity-studded St Moritz, while the white peaks of mountains set against blue skies make a wonderful backdrop for summertime hiking. The ancient capital of Berne provides superb opportunities for sightseeing, shopping and traditional folk entertainment while the largest city, Zürich leads the way in arts, design and nightlife, from opera and world-class theatre to stylish bars and nightclubs.

Switzerland's unique political model is based on consensus-building, and, considering that the country consists of several culturally different groups speaking different languages (Swiss German, French, Italian and Romansch), its peaceful domestic situation is admirable. And while the Swiss in practice have been neutral in foreign affairs for several centuries, they are increasingly willing to get more involved in world affairs and deploy the skills in democracy and diplomacy they have developed domestically on the international stage. Switzerland finally joined the United Nations in 2002, and signed the Schengen treaty in 2005, showing their support for the European Union.

Sweden Travel Guide - Overview

Sweden is a land of cultural contrast, from the Danish influence of the southwest to the nomadic Laplanders in the wild Arctic north. And while urban Sweden is stylish, modern and sophisticated, the countryside offers many simpler pleasures for those in search of tranquillity.

Sweden's scenery has a gentler charm than that of neighbouring Norway's rugged coast. Much of Sweden is forested, and there are thousands of lakes, notably large stretches of water between Gothenburg and the capital, Stockholm. The lakeside resort of Östersund, in the centre of Sweden, is popular with Scandinavians, but most visitors opt first for the cities and the Baltic islands: the largest island, Gotland, with its array of ruined medieval churches, is a particular highlight. Another major attraction is the so-called ‘Kingdom of Crystal', a forested area between Malmö and Stockholm boasting many fine glassworks.

Historically, Sweden has an interesting story. Its contacts with the outside world began in earnest during Viking times, when in addition to the well-documented raiding, there was extensive trading around the Baltic, primarily dealing in furs and weaponry.

Swedish connections with the other Scandinavian countries, Norway and Denmark, have been strong since late medieval times. The monarchies of all three are closely linked, and at various times, one king or queen has ruled over more than one of the countries. Indeed, Norway only fully shed Swedish control for the last time in the early years of the 20th century.

The land and its people have an air of reserved calm, and while best known for its automotive and musical exports - Volvo and Abba are household names - a strong historical undertone bubbles close beneath the surface. Nowhere is this more apparent than in Stockholm, where dozens of museums, medieval and baroque edifices housing boutiques and cafes overlook the attractive harbour.

Tenerife Travel Guide - Overview

Tenerife has undergone something of a metamorphosis recently. The tag of crass commercialism is slowly being replaced with a designer label as the island finally gets to grips with its pies, fries, and beer image. Nowadays, the island is quick to reveal a more colourful picture, promoting golf, nature, and wellness programmes as alternative pursuits to daytime sun baking and night-time devilment.

Vibrant nature
The Gods smiled kindly on Tenerife painting it with the most luxuriant greens, the deepest blues and a technicolour palette of exotic foliage. Bursts of purple bougainvillea electrify the hillsides while delicate orange orchids add the finishing touches to meadows and mountain trails.

Volcanic scenery
The Canary Islands are the aftermath of mighty eruptions. Looming over the island, Tenerife's emblematic natural icon, Mount Teide - the world's third largest volcano - sleeps a majestic slumber.

Varied landscape
Nature's less explosive contributions include jungle-esque rainforests in the mountains of Anaga; soft sandy beaches in the surfer's paradise of El Medano; and the vertiginous cliffs leaning over Los Gigantes in the west, while high in the interior tiny hamlets hide beneath a fringe of pine forest.

Though nature laid the foundations, mere mortals take the credit for harnessing the beauty and furnishing it with playtime accoutrements in the southern resorts that continue to draw in visitors by the millions.

Lanzarote Travel Guide - Overview

Lanzarote, the most easterly of Spain's seven Canary Islands, has managed to harness the calamity of volcanic catastrophes into a tidy garden of sugar-cube villages and compact resorts within a lunar landscape.

Sahara of the sea
Although Spanish by name and Spanish by nature, the island is geographically cosier to the Sahara than to Spain. Climatically too, it has more in common with Africa than Europe. Rain is a virtual rarity and the island receives less precipitation than parts of the Sahara.

Incredible volcanoes
In Timanfaya National Park you'll find the Montañas del Fuego (Fire Mountains) where in 1730 one of the world's most violent and long-lasting eruptions took place. It devastated much of western Lanzarote, wiping out entire towns and villages, and bruised the blue sky a deep and dark black for six whole years.

Eco credentials
Nowadays the face of Lanzarote has been shaped as much by the work of one man as by Mother Nature. The late Cesar Manarique, an artist turned eco-protector, spent much of his later life successfully campaigning to minimise the environmental impact of the emerging tourism industry. To date almost no high-rise constructions blot the skyline and a policy of traditional building styles has been rigorously maintained.

Gran Canaria Travel Guide - Overview

Known as a ‘continent in miniature', Gran Canaria is the Canary Island's most populated and third largest island. It is also home to the region's greatest variety of climatic conditions. In the north and interior you'll find rolling green hills and flower-speckled meadows. In the south the scene changes to arid plains, sweeping sand dunes and the neon glow of its holiday resorts.

World's best climate
Warm-but-not-unbearably-hot summers and spring-like conditions the rest of the year make it a perfect place to visit at any time. In fact, its capital, Las Palmas was once declared as the city with the best climate in the world by the scientific community.

Aside from the balmy weather, the capital is also notable for its history. Founded in 1478, the cobbled streets and noble mansions in Las Palmas' old quarter are where Christopher Columbus prepared for his famous voyage of discovery.

Beautiful beaches
Whilst the history and cultural attractions are an added bonus, you can't get away from the fact that the vast majority of visitors to Gran Canaria come in search of sun and sand. With 197km (122 miles) of coastline, the island doesn't disappoint.

Of the 50 beaches with facilities, the most popular are San Agustín, Playa del Ingles, Puerto Rico and Maspalomas with its famous sand dunes.

Canary Islands Travel Guide - Overview

The Canary Islands (Islas Canarias) comprise Gran Canaria, Fuerteventura, Lanzarote, Tenerife, La Palma, La Gomera and El Hierro. Despite being Spanish territories they are much closer to the coast of Africa than to mainland Spain and it is this mid-easterly Atlantic location that accounts for their remarkably mild climate.

All the islands are of volcanic origin, and the archipelago offers strikingly diverse landscapes including remarkable sub-tropical flora, luxuriant pine woods, giant sand dunes and mountain peaks.

By far the most popular holiday playgrounds are Gran Canaria and Tenerife. Away from the resorts however these islands, ironically, also offer the most varied landscapes. Next in popularity come Lanzarote, then Fuerteventura. Lanzarote has managed to combine modern resorts with much-praised eco-friendly development and low-rise aesthetically pleasing design, while Fuerteventura is famous for its wind-driven watersports and some of Europe's finest beaches.

La Gomera is a charming small undeveloped island, often visited as a Tenerife day trip (just 30 minutes by ferry), while La Palma, very green, uncommercialised and arguably the most beautiful island, is primarily a destination for walkers. Most westerly of all is El Hierro, windblown and well off the beaten track, attracting a mere handful of walkers each year.

Note: Consult the Spain section for information on Passport/Visa, Health, Money and Public Holidays.

Menorca Travel Guide - Overview

Menorca shares the Balearic charms of its better known neighbours but is a world away from the intense nightlife of Ibiza and the built-up buzzing resorts of Mallorca.

Escape the crowds
The small-scale holiday developments that are here are largely self-contained leaving most of the island uncommercialised and rural, dotted with reminders of an ancient Bronze Age civilisation.

Cities and beaches
At its western extremity is Ciutadella, the island's most attractive town, while at its eastern extremity, just 32km (20 miles) distant, is Mahon, the capital and main point of arrival. Both are well worth a visit. The island's most striking feature is its beaches - a glorious girdle of golden white coves and aquamarine waters, particularly in the south - which attract young and not-so-young families year after year.

Mallorca Travel Guide - Overview

The recent holiday history of this beautiful little Balearic playground is very much a tale of two islands: the anglicised Majorca (famously mispronounced with a hard j) and the original Spanish Mallorca.

Dubious reputation
The island has been a retreat for the rich and famous since the 1930s, but it wasn't until the late 1950s that Mallorca attracted mass tourism, becoming synonymous with an ‘exotic' holiday abroad. However, by the 1980s the island had become infamous for cheap fun in the sun, complete with lager louts and yob culture.

Mallorca reinvented
During the late 1990s the island authorities stepped in to give it a facelift. The term Majorca, redolent of old-fashioned British package holidays, was quietly retired and the name reverted to ‘Mallorca'. In package ghettoes like Magaluf, old-style hotels were literally blown up and replaced in an effort to rebrand and upgrade the island.

Unspoiled gems
Away from the coast, particularly in the beautiful Tramuntana hills, the island has always been unspoiled. The capital, Palma, has developed into one of Spain's most beguiling and fashionable small cities. The package resorts still remain but their excesses have been curbed and the island is once again famous for its beautiful people and celebrated for its style.

Ibiza Travel Guide - Overview

In recent years Ibiza (Eivissa to the Catalan locals) has gained a reputation as party central and dance capital of the world, but the island has in fact been attracting a cosmopolitan crowd for centuries. Romans, Greeks, Moors, Phoenicians and Catalans all visited Ibiza: some came to trade and relax in the clear warm Mediterranean waters, whilst others came with conquest in mind.

Bohemian past
During the early 20th century members of the avant-garde and surrealist movements were drawn here to create alternative lifestyle communities of intellectualism and creativity that were to later lay the foundations for the influx of hippies and beatniks during the 1950s and 60s.

All of these influences are still visible and celebrated today as seen in Ibiza Old Town, which still exudes a thriving artistic heritage as well as a number of weekly craft markets held across the island.

Vibrant nightlife
In more recent years Ibiza has been associated with its famous club scene (infamous if all tabloid newspaper stories are to be believed) and the modern invasion of international party people that ritually descend on the island during the summer months.

Ibiza Town is regarded as the home for grown-up clubbers, fashionistas and those in search of a little quality shopping and culture. San Antonio (San An') has no pretentions and is perfect for those who prefer their locations cheap, cheerful and cheesy, whilst Santa Eulalia, the third main resort tends to be a little more low key and attractive to families.

Back to nature
Ibiza has plenty of natural beauty and tranquility to keep those less interested in the nightlife happy. The island has around sixty beaches, an abundance of hills, forests, cliffs, pretty villages, some stunning architecture, traditional restaurants and an increasing number of chic eateries and hotels. All of which can be enjoyed beneath long hours of sunshine and one of the most breathtaking sunsets to be witnessed anywhere in the Mediterranean.

Balearic Islands Travel Guide - Overview

The Balearic Islands form an archipelago of holiday islands off the Mediterranean coast of Spain. Mallorca (or Majorca) is the largest of the three and over the last three decades has become the archetypal sun-sea-and-sangria island beloved of package tourists from Northern Europe. Parts of it, particularly around the southern coastline are heavily built up with high-rise hotels and apartments.

Away from the coast however it is a different story, particularly in the beautiful unspoiled Tramuntana hills. Recently the whole island has been given something of a facelift. In package ghettoes like Magaluf old-style hotels have been, literally, blown up and replaced in a symbolic effort to rebrand the island. And the capital, Palma, is now one of Spain's most beguiling and trendiest small cities.

Ibiza has long been famous for its rave scene, concentrated in the charming hippy-chic capital of Ibiza Town, the high-rise canyons of San António and in the resort of Playa d'en Bossa. Away from here however, the island is remarkably rural.

A narrow channel separates Ibiza from Formentera, the smallest inhabited Balearic, fringed by soft white sands and only accessible by ferry. Although both Mallorca and Ibiza also have excellent beaches, Menorca is renowned for its picture-postcard coves. Tourist development on Menorca is largely low-key and the island attracts families and older holidaymakers.

Note: The Passport/Visa and Health requirements for visiting the Balearic Islands are the same as for visiting mainland Spain, and information may be found by consulting the Spain section, as well as information relating to Money, Public Holidays and Duty-Free.

Spain Travel Guide - Overview

The straw donkey and sombrero image of Spain is now largely consigned to the bin - along with the paella and chips. In its place comes a sheaf of sparkling and evocative new images, as the visitor trend turns from sun-and-fun package holiday to individually tailored, more sophisticated themes.

Spain is a country on the move, a place of rapid change. High-speed railways have conquered the country's mountainous terrain and many cities now have modern metro and tram networks, testifying to a vibrant and growing economy. But here, too, you will find a country where time stands still, where Roman columns rise into a clear blue sky, where crumbling Arab watchtowers maintain a lonely vigil over vast and magnificent landscapes, and city plazas where the baroque jostles with the modern to strike a uniquely Spanish harmony.

The historic cities of Spain are drenched in the atmosphere of the past, but well equipped to meet modern needs as well. The countryside is infinitely varied, from the ‘Green Spain' of the rugged Atlantic coast to the parched plains of Castile and La Mancha. The open roads across endless open spaces produce a steady stream of surprises, with hidden villages and unexpected castles, shepherds roaming with their flocks and hilltop windmills appearing unexpectedly. It is a great country for touring.

Rich in history and natural beauty and with more than a fair share of sunshine Spain is a year-round, natural choice for many different kinds of holiday, from outdoor adventures to world-class museums and art galleries to an infinite variety of popular beaches and secluded coves. Not least the people are warm and welcoming - and they know how to party. The Spanish experience would be incomplete without joining in at least one of its famous fiestas.

Slovenia Travel Guide - Overview

One of the smallest countries in Europe, Slovenia more than justifies the ‘Europe in Miniature’ hype. Tucked in an enviable geographical position between the Alps and the Mediterranean, it is blessed with spectacular mountains, thick forests and an Adriatic coastline.

Following the destruction of the Austro-Hungarian Empire during WWI, Slovenia became a part of the new ‘Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes' in 1918, later Yugoslavia. After WWII, Tito created Socialist Yugoslavia. Following his death in 1980, the economic and political situation deteriorated and led to a series of regional conflicts in the early 1990s. Slovenia was the first republic to break away, achieving independence relatively peacefully in 1991.

Slovenia was always the most prosperous region in Yugoslavia and it has successfully made the transition from a socialist economy to a capitalist free market one: it was first of the former Yugoslavian states to join the EU in 2004 and adopted the euro in 2007.

Picturesque Ljubljana, the capital, is the starting point for a wide range of excursions. Situated in the heart of Slovenia, draped along the banks of the Ljubljanica River, the capital is within a two-hour drive of all the state borders.

Slovak Republic Travel Guide - Overview

The Slovak Republic is no mere adjunct to the Czech Republic. It is well deserving of attention in its own right. It is a country that sweeps from the mighty Tatra Mountains through lowlands, canyons, caves and meadows. There are year-round activities, from hiking in the summer to skiing in the winter, and its capital, Bratislava, is a highlight amongst a sprinkling of appealing towns and cities.

The Slovak Republic may have been the ‘junior partner' throughout its alliance with the Czech Republic, but it is now emerging as part of the expanded EU and is an increasingly popular business and leisure destination.

The separation of Czechoslovakia into its constituent parts (the Czech and Slovak Republics) on 1 January 1993 in the ‘Velvet Divorce’ was achieved peacefully. It had not been a long marriage as at the end of WWI, when the Austro-Hungarian Empire dissolved, came the birth of Czechoslovakia. WWII brought Nazi occupation with the Russians moving in during the aftermath to make Czechoslovakia part of the Soviet Union.

Democracy finally came in 1990 with the appointment of Václav Havel as president. However, the Slovaks were worried about the crash economic reform programme planned by Havel and the two nations parted amicably.

Serbia Travel Guide - Overview

Following civil war and the break-up of Yugoslavia, Serbia has survived international sanctions and NATO bombing to emerge as one of Eastern Europe's hottest ‘undiscovered' destinations. The capital Belgrade has plenty to offer, with excellent museums and galleries, a wide range of restaurants and cafes, and some of the best nightlife in southeast Europe.

Away from the capital, Novi Sad is an attractive, lively city with an elegant centre and picturesque fortress overlooking over the Danube. In the far north, Subotica has an array of secessionist architecture and a notable Hungarian character.

The province of Vojvodina, north of Belgrade, has some excellent wetland habitat that is home to numerous bird species, while south of the capital, the countryside consists of lush, wooded valleys with hidden-away Orthodox monasteries. Scattered among the country's more mountainous regions are a number of vast national parks.

San Marino Travel Guide - Overview

In whatever part of this 61-sq km (24-sq mile) territory you go, in particular at the peak of its mountain, your gaze is lost over a unique, dazzling panorama: the fertile soils of Emilia Romagna and the soft rolling hills of the Marche and Montefeltro, and on to the placid Adriatic sea. The Sammarinese territory is made up of nine ancient citadels, including the capital, San Marino.

The tiny city holds a wealth of history, museums and priceless architectural monuments, while a wealth of assorted crafts and souvenirs provide a vast, pleasant shopping experience.

The origins of San Marino are based on the charming legend of Saint Marinus who founded the community and the republic, when, in AD301, he took refuge on Mount Titano.

Apart from the Vatican City, it is the only city-state that is completely surrounded by another country.

Russian Federation Travel Guide - Overview

The history of the Russian Federation is long and brutal. It is apparent on every corner of the country's awesome cities, such as Moscow and St Petersburg, as well as in its lesser-known towns such as Novgorod, Kazan and Tomsk. But it also dwells in huge and remote expanses such as Siberia, filled with ancient forests and the world's largest lake. Everything exists here on an inhuman scale.

Since the 15th century, when the Grand Prince of Moscow, Ivan III (the Great), annexed the rival principalities of Rus, Russia's ambitions have been as great as this first national sovereign's appellation. It took Ivan the Terrible's capture of the Tatar capital Kazan in 1552 and his subsequent annexation of Siberia, followed by Peter the Great's expansion to the Baltic and the building of St Petersburg as his ‘window on Europe' in the early 18th century, to create the vast nation we know as Russia today.

Modern Russia came bloodily to life in 1917 with a popular revolution followed by a coup that brought the Bolsheviks and Lenin to power. The repressive downward spiral that followed was one of the 20th centuries great crimes, with millions killed in the gulag labour camps.

Communism finally ended in 1991, but Russia's problems are still very much in evidence. This is despite the fact that the country has become an oil and gas superpower under outgoing President Vladimir Putin.

The largest country on earth, and doubtless one of the most fascinating and challenging, Russia is an experience as much as it is a destination. It is also far more likely to be an adventure rather than a holiday, although things are getting easier every year for travellers. Perhaps more than almost any other country, researching some Russian history and cultural norms, and knowing a smattering of the language, will enormously enhance any visit.

Romania Travel Guide - Overview

Romania is the largest of the Balkan states, sitting at the crossroads of Europe, whose nationals are proud of being ‘an island of Latinos’ in a ‘sea of slavs'. The country has seen several empires come and go - Roman, Ottoman and Austro-Hungarian, all leaving their legacy.

Romania has a rich cultural and natural diversity. Its dramatic mountain scenery includes the densely forested Carpathian Mountains, the Danube Delta (the largest wetland in Europe) and 70km (43 miles) of fine white sandy beaches on the Black Sea Coast.

In picturesque valleys and on mountain slopes are many health and winter resorts. Romania's cultural heritage can be experienced in the Saxon towns of Transylvania, also home to Bran Castle, of Dracula fame, the painted monasteries of Bucovina and the rural village idyll of Maramures.

The capital, Bucharest, earned the nickname ‘Paris of the Balkans', but it is the stunning medieval city of Sibiu in Transylvania that was crowned European Capital of Culture 2007.

Since the overthrow of Nicolae Ceausescu's communist dictatorship in 1989, Romania has been working towards the twin goals of gaining admission to NATO, which it joined in 2004, and the European Union, which it achieved in January 2007, behind some of its neighbours.

Madeira Travel Guide - Overview

Portugal's most beautiful island is blessed with dramatic landscapes that have earned it the nickname 'Pearl of the Atlantic'. Madeira has been described as a ‘floating garden', reflecting centuries of cultivation. The rich volcanic soil, mild climate and abundant rainfall (especially in the north) have been responsible for contrasting landscapes: lush river valleys, terraced hillsides planted with vines and bananas and dense primeval forest.

Portuguese influence
Although geographically part of the African plate, it was discovered by Portuguese sailors in the 15th century and has been intrinsically connected to Portugal ever since.

The most enjoyable way to explore the island is to follow the course of the levadas (irrigation channels) that crisscross the countryside.

Expanding tourism
The island's burgeoning coastal resorts are geared to the demands of modern tourism with the expansion of Santa Catarina Airport expected to lead to a marked increase in the number of foreign visitors (up to 3.5 million per year) over the next decade.

Azores Travel Guide - Overview

For more than 500 years, the Azores, an archipelago of nine widely dispersed islands in the middle of the Atlantic, have remained almost completely unspoilt, mainly on account of their remoteness. Volcanic in origin, they are pitted with deep craters, some filled with shimmering lakes, others covered with lush vegetation. Geysers and health-giving sulphur springs abound.

Countryside and coast
The Azores are also characterised by large tracts of arable farmland, sprinkled with tiny settlements of whitewashed houses. The gently sloping hillsides are planted with vineyards and fruit trees. The coastlines tend to be rugged and somewhat forbidding, but there are plenty of bays, and rocky inlets for swimming and sunbathing.

Watersports
Watersports are widely available such as scuba-diving and whale watching. Equally popular are yachting, horse riding, cycling and hiking.

Poland Travel Guide - Overview

Situated at the centre of Europe, and the largest of the former Eastern European states, Poland's position is crucial.

Poland has become one of the major destinations for travellers. Its beauty can be admired in both its old cities and in the wild scenery of its national parks and nature reserves. The country's regions are largely divided into horizontal bands: the Baltic Coast and the hilly post-glacial lake district.

Central Poland is split into northern lowlands and southern uplands, including the Kraków-Wielun Upland with its limestone areas, caves and medieval castles. The Carpathian Mountains, including the Tatras, lie in the extreme south; their mountain scenery, folklore and sports facilities contributing to their charm.

Poland is a nation with a proud cultural heritage, and theatre, music and opera companies abound. The former textile city of Lodz is proud of its film school, alma mater to directors Roman Polanski and Krzysztof Kieslowski. There is also a strong tradition of graphic design and glassware.

Although the native soil for composer Frederick Chopin, scientist Marie Curie (neé Skladowska) and astronomer Nicholas Copernicus, Poland is best remembered for being the birthplace of the former Soviet bloc's first officially recognised independent mass political movement when strikes at the Gdansk shipyard in August 1980 led to agreement with the authorities on the establishment of the Solidarnosc (Solidarity) trade union.

Elections in summer 1989 ushered in eastern Europe's first post-Communist government. Poland is a member of the European Union and has achieved success in creating a market economy and attracting foreign investment. Growth is slow-moving and growing pains are apparent in the high unemployment rate and mass exodus of qualified people to other countries in search of a decent wage, but the potential exists for a healthier economy.

Portugal Travel Guide - Overview

Though overshadowed by its more popular neighbour to the east, Portugal remains one of Europe's unspoilt gems. This land of traditional villages and vibrant cities has a countryside strewn with historical treasures and a wide assortment of World Heritage sites - natural and cultural wonders that offer a window into this once great seafaring nation.

Lively cities
Portugal's lively capital, Lisbon, and its northern sibling, Porto, are magical places for the wanderer, with picturesque neighbourhoods, broad plazas and old-fashioned trams still rattling through the streets. Both cities have their share of enticing urban life, with eclectic restaurants, colourful boutiques, bohemian cafes and stylish nightclubs that make good use of the waterside setting. Smaller towns offer their own enchantment, with well-preserved medieval quarters that invite exploring in towns like Évora, Coimbra, Guimarães and Braga .

Scenic countryside
Outside the cities, travellers can enjoy Portugal's warm sunny weather exploring centuries-old vineyards, visiting stone villages in the mountains or soaking up rays on the magnificent southern shoreline. Dramatic scenery lies all along the coast from windswept cliffs with edge-of-the-world views to wild dune-covered beaches.

More than just a static backdrop, the scenery sets the stage for outdoor adventure. Hiking, surfing, windsurfing, horse-riding, big game fishing, kayaking, diving, golfing and mountain biking are a few ways to spend a sun-drenched afternoon.

Portuguese culture
Those seeking a different slice of Portuguese culture can join in the revelry at a traditional festival, discover the melancholic music of fado (Portugal's answer to the Blues), sample the great fruits of the sea or go port wine tasting.

Perhaps best of all, visitors can stay overnight in some beautiful settings, from converted medieval monasteries to sprawling manor houses, elegant beach resorts to urban townhouses set in the heart of a historic neighbourhood.

Norway Travel Guide - Overview

The breathtaking fjords of the southwest are Norway's most dramatic scenic features, but there are many other reasons to visit this sparsely populated land on the northern fringe of Europe. The North Cape's midnight sun is rightly famous - here, far above the Arctic Circle, lies the spectacularly situated town of Tromsø, where the sun never rises in winter, nor sets in midsummer.

Each of Norway's four major cities offers distinct appeal - Oslo is present-day capital and financial centre, Bergen is a picturesque former Hanseatic trading port and ‘gateway' to Fjordland, Stavanger is focal point of the Norwegian oil industry, and Trondheim is a long-established centre of Christian pilgrimage, and more recently, technical research.

In the sparsely populated wilderness that lies between the main urban centres are such delights as Jostedalsbreen, Europe's largest glacier. There are opportunities to indulge in outdoor activities including skiing, fishing and rock-climbing. Even the less energetic can simply marvel at the awesome beauty of much of the Norwegian countryside, with its countless steep-sided valleys, high mountain lakes and unbelievable views.

Norway is foremost a land for those who love nature. However, it also offers a rich cultural experience, as would be expected of such varied history, from the Vikings of the eighth and ninth centuries, to later luminaries such as artist Edvard Munch, author Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson and composer Edvard Grieg, whose centenary Norway celebrated during 2007.

The nation, one of the world's richest on a per capita basis since the discovery of oil in the late 1960s, has been independent since 1905, when it devolved from Swedish rule, and remains outside the European Union. Norway has developed an important role in international politics over recent decades, and is rated as the world's most peaceful nation by the Global Peace Index.

Netherlands Travel Guide - Overview

The Netherlands, is a lively mix of tradition, in the form of windmills and tulips, and fast-paced modern European life.

The Dutch are an affable race, with a good sense of humour and a keen sense of how to enjoy themselves, whether it be relaxing in the countryside or partying hard in the big cities. Despite their country's puritan past, they are known for tolerance, or at least turning a blind eye.

Known as being largely flat (much of the country lies below sea level, and another great swathe is made up of ‘polder', or land reclaimed from the sea), The Netherlands is an ideal destination for those who enjoy pursuits like cycling or walking without over-exerting themselves. But it is a cultured land as well, as the seemingly endless list of great Dutch artists testifies.

The Netherlands' roots in the arts stem from the 17th century, the so-called ‘Golden Age', which placed this tiny but rich country at the forefront of European culture. The gaining of the upper hand by imperial influence and the annexing of The Netherlands to the far-flung empire of the Hapsburgs in the 16th century resulted in the rebellion of the largely Protestant northern provinces of the Low Countries, led by William of Orange and Nassau - this struggle for independence would last until 1648. This was compounded by a remarkable growth in Dutch sea power, as many Spanish and Portuguese possessions in the New World and East Asia were seized. This reached its acme in 1689 when William III of Orange became King of England - although the association was severed on his death in 1702.

The Dutch are enthusiastic Europeans, and the European Union is the main focus of Dutch foreign policy. Their country is full of interest, heritage and fun for the visitor.

Montenegro Travel Guide - Overview

Montenegro is one of Europe's hidden secrets, but that could be all about to change. The country became the world's newest sovereign state in 2006 when its population voted for independence, bringing to an end the former Union of Serbia & Montenegro. Now this tiny republic plans to put itself firmly back on the map.

Visitors can relax on one of 117 sandy beaches along the Adriatic coast, wander through the Old Towns of Budva, Kotor or Bar, climb the peaks of Durmitor National Park, raft down Europe's deepest canyon, explore Europe's last virgin forest or sail into the continent's southernmost fjord.

Monaco Travel Guide - Overview

Although the second-smallest independent state in the world, Monaco benefits from an excellent climate and beautiful settings on the Côte d'Azur. From the heights of the Tête de Chien or Mont Agel, or from lower down from the Moyenne-Corniche at the level of the entrance to the Jardin Exotique, there are a number of panoramic viewpoints looking out over exceptional scenery. Gamblers flock to the Place du Casino in Monte-Carlo and every May the principality hosts the renowned Monaco Grand Prix. Monaco is also well located for exploring both Provence, the French Riviera and Italy.

In the main harbour, expensive luxury yachts and boats, which are a permanent fixture, corroborate Monaco's reputation as a glamorous destination for the rich and famous. Monaco's pleasant climate, reputation and environment as well as the absence of income or inheritance tax and lack of financial reporting requirements all contribute to this situation. Tourism is also a major source of revenue, contributing about 25% of government revenue, as well as being the mainstay of local retail businesses.

The history of Monaco is inseparable from that of the House of Grimaldi. At various times, they were to be found allied with almost every power in the region, particularly during the Italian wars in the late 15th and early 16th centuries. Monaco’s geographical position left them ideally placed to either help or hinder the repeated and largely unsuccessful attempts by the kings of France to conquer Italy. This Machiavellian approach – indeed, Machiavelli himself was in Monaco in the early 16th century to sign a treaty on behalf of Florence – paid dividends in 1612 when Honoré II was granted the title of prince by the French crown. He signed a treaty of friendship with France, and the Principality remained independent from that time on, despite a brief interruption during the French Revolution. The family’s motto – ‘Deo Juvante’ (With God’s Help) – provides another possible explanation for the survival of this tiny country. Monaco became an independent state under French protection in 1861.

Monaco survives principally by providing tax concessions and discreet banking facilities for wealthy foreigners, and this has recently led to spats with France and difficulties with the wider world. Despite being ‘named and shamed’ by inclusion on an Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development blacklist of seven countries that have failed to take adequate measures to deal with the money-laundering and multi-national fraud problems in 2002, Monaco attracts many extremely wealthy individuals as residents.

Moldova Travel Guide - Overview

Rich with history and fertile soils that produce abundant vineyards, Moldova is an unjustifiably forgotten tourist destination, as yet untouched by the budget airline brigade. In this land-locked eastern European country, you can wander round vast monasteries, sample the local wines, or trek through ancient forests.

Despite remaining one of the poorest countries in Europe, the people are friendly and welcoming, and the main centres, such as the capital Chisinau, have everything a visitor could need. Chisinau's cathedrals, monuments and museums survived severe WWII bombings to the city, including the house where Pushkin spent his days in exile penning some of his most famous works.

Malta Travel Guide - Overview

The Maltese archipelago, situated almost at the centre of the Mediterranean, includes the islands of Malta, Gozo, Comino, Comminotto and Filfla. It has made it an important strategic base since the earliest days of navigation, and thus has been visited by many cultures.

The first significant civilisation here flourished in the third millennium BC, leaving behind fascinating megalithic temples. Later the island was occupied by the Phoenicians, the Carthaginians and the Romans.

The Maltese islands have indeed been described as one big open-air museum. It is easy to delve into the islands' mysterious prehistory, retrace the footsteps of St Paul or see where the Knights of St John defended Christendom. Visitors can explore medieval walled citadels and splendid baroque churches and palaces.

However, history alone does not draw the annual summer influx of tourists, who manage to triple the population of Malta. Visitors also come for the beautiful clear blue waters, secluded bays and sandy beaches, and also to glimpse the tranquil traditional villages that still speckle the landscape, celebrating lively fiestas.

Malta's independence from Britain was achieved in 1964, and 40 years on Malta joined the EU in May 2004.

Luxembourg Travel Guide - Overview

Diminutive Luxembourg owes its continued existence to a mixture of good fortune and good diplomacy, which have prevented it from being permanently absorbed into the territories of its larger neighbours.

By the time that Luxembourg's independence was finally confirmed in 1867, however, the Grand Duchy was left with such a tiny territory that its people had to look across its borders for economic survival. This has resulted in a cosmopolitan attitude, exemplified not only by the fact that the nation has the highest percentage of foreigners of any EU country, but also by the trilingual ability of its people.

It is an attractive country with a green and picturesque landscape of rolling hills and valleys, and many closely packed historical sites. Visitors will also discover forests, vineyards and striking sandstone rock formations here.

The capital, Luxembourg-Ville, is split into two districts: the delightful old centre (a UNESCO World Heritage Site), complete with fortress towers, turrets and winding, cobblestone streets; and the modern downtown area on the Plâteau du Kirchberg, home to Luxembourg's renowned international finance businesses.

Proud of its role as a founding member of the EU, Luxembourg sees itself as playing a prominent position in European affairs and there are a number of European Union institutions based in Luxembourg-Ville.

Macedonia, Former Yugoslav Republic of Travel Guide - Overview

Macedonia (Former Yugoslav Republic of) is a mountainous land right at the heart of the Balkans, sprinkled with beautiful valleys and lakes. It has a rich Hellenic heritage.

Its churches and mosques contain many fine examples of art and architecture from the Byzantine and Ottoman periods.

Lithuania Travel Guide - Overview

Lithuania is a land of castles, lakes and forests. Its landscape consists of vast plains parted by hills and sand dunes along the Baltic shore. Its capital, Vilnius, is one of Europe's most enchanting cities, owing especially to its Baroque old town.

Lithuanian independence came soon after the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. By 1995, the transition to a full market economy had been completed. The long-running border dispute with Poland was settled with the signing of a friendship and co-operation treaty in January 1992 and negotiations with Russia led to the withdrawal of the remaining Russian troops in Lithuania in August 1993.

It is the largest of the three Baltic states. Since gaining EU membership in 2004, the country has been placed on the global stage, encouraging more visitors than ever.